Firebaugh built a wagon road with a gentler grade across the pass to what is now Bell Station, California from the Rancho San Luis Gonzaga at the foot of the Diablo Range to the east. However the east face of the pass was a steep and rough horse and mule trail, difficult for wheeled vehicles, until 1857 when Andrew D. During the California Gold Rush it was used to travel between the Santa Clara Valley settlements and the goldfields and settlements in the San Joaquin Valley. From that time it was used by Spanish and later Mexican soldiers to cross over into the San Joaquin Valley, and for Native Americans in the 1820s and 1830s to cross westward to raid the missions and ranchos for horses and cattle. Spanish army officer Gabriel Moraga first recorded the pass in 1805. History Ī trail nearby, through what is now Pacheco State Park, was used by the Yokuts people to cross the mountains and trade with other native people on the coast. In the 1850s, an informal variant name for the pass was Robber's Pass attributed to the frequent hold-ups experienced by travelers using the route. The pass was named for Don Francisco Pérez Pacheco, noted Californio ranchero and owner of the Rancho Ausaymas y San Felipe. The months that followed the WHO's declaration of the novel coronavirus outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern saw most states mobilising some level of military capacity.Pacheco Pass is named after Don Francisco Pérez Pacheco, a noted Californio ranchero whose lands were situated on the pass. Militaries took on a wide variety of roles amid national responses. These ranged from setting up field hospitals in Serbia, Russia, or France, to delivering protective equipment or enforcing lockdowns in South Africa, Spain, or Italy. In some settings, like the Philippines or Indonesia, the military led the entire response. This article situates these COVID-19 military involvements amid the contemporary use of militaries in global health. It highlights issues of continuity, change, and resistance in military health-related roles. The article positions the pandemic as a pivotal event in global health military engagements. I identify three emerging trends in national military responses to COVID-19: (1) Minimal technical military support (2) Blended civil-military responses and (3) Military-led responses. ![]() Each of these trends provides a scale of military encroachment into national health apparatuses (see Table 1). They also point towards specific lacunae within health and political systems. Overarching dynamics characterise these involvements. These partake to a country's historical military legacy, the robustness of its civilian health system, and its public health approach (including pandemic preparedness models and delivery frameworks). Often thought of as a last resort, militaries have become a preferred response in humanitarian crises, health emergencies, and pandemic preparedness.įomenting new COVID-19-related civil-military assemblages, these involvements will inescapably influence future local and global civil-military relations. 1 This presence has taken hold through the reciprocal increase of health activities within defence policy and that of militaries in the global health policy realm. This two-way process is owed to the interdependence of international and local civil-military health engagements. I understand global health military engagement as an understudied phenomenon linking foreign and domestic military health practices. ![]() This phenomenon has long institutional roots militaries have historically used health activities to legitimise their presence in domestic and foreign settings. 2 A global politics of medicine (linking medicine and warfare) can be traced back to colonial times 3 and context-specific martial politics have carried through civilian institutions. 4 Enduring French military cooperation (through the Pasteur Institutes’ worldwide presence), for example, bears witness to this legacy. ![]() 5 Militaries have long contributed to medical innovation and population-level disease control efforts. 6 The United States (US) Military Committee on Medical Research's development of anti-malarial chloroquine treatments during the Second World War 7 or Major Walter Reed's yellow fever human experimentation programme 8 are paradigmatic instances. COVID-19-related military engagements have, therefore, emerged amid a historical continuum linking health and military actors. This historical continuum is exacerbated by contemporary dynamics at both international and national levels.Īt the national level, militaries usually encompass medical services. ![]() These services typically make up a small fraction of overall defence expenditures.
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